At the beginning of a charging session, most electric vehicles send an initial State of Charge (SOC) to the charger. SOC indicates how “full” your vehicle’s battery is and—if sent to our chargers—can be found on the charger’s screen or in the Electrify America app. If available, the SOC will be updated as your vehicle charges, though some EVs are not capable of sending our chargers this information.
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The IEC -2 Type 2 connector (sometimes referred to as Mennekes for the German company that designed it) is used for charging electric vehicles using AC power, mainly within Europe, Australia, NZ and many other countries outside of North America. The Type 2 connector was adopted as the EU standard in , with full compliance required by . The connector was chosen by the EU to promote electric mobility and ensure interoperability between different vehicles and charging stations. The Type 2 connector is equipped with seven pin connectors, which are used for communication between the vehicle and charger using the J signaling protocol, and for either single or 3-phase AC power with a maximum voltage of 500 V, thereby delivering up to 43kW of power.[1]
A later, modified version of the Type 2 connector which includes two additional DC current pins at the base to allow for high-power (up to 350kW) DC fast charging, is known as a Combined Charging System (CCS) Combo 2 plug, and has also been adopted as an EU standard.
The connector is circular in shape, with a flattened top edge; the original design specification carried an output electric power of 3–50 kW for charging battery electric vehicles using single-phase (230V) or three-phase (400V) alternating current (AC), with a typical maximum of 32 A 7.2 kW using single-phase AC and 22 kW with three-phase AC in common practice.[2] The plugs have openings on the sides that allow both the car and the charger to lock the plug automatically to prevent unwanted interruption of charging or theft of the cable.
As modified by Tesla for its European Supercharger network (up to Version 2), it is capable of outputting 150 kW using direct current (DC) via two pins each, with a switch inside the Tesla Model S or X car selecting the required mode. Since , Tesla has adopted the CCS2 connector on their Version 3 Superchargers (outputting 250 kW), including a second cable for CCS support on Version 2 Superchargers, on all European models of the Model 3 and Y, with a hardware upgrade and adapter for pre- Model S and X vehicles,[3] and since on Model S and X as the new connector.[4]
The Type 2 connector system was originally proposed by Mennekes in . The system was later tested and standardized by the German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA) as VDE-AR-E -2-2, and subsequently recommended by the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) in . In January , the IEC Type 2 connector was selected by the European Commission as official AC charging plug within the European Union.[5] It has since been adopted as the recommended connector in most countries worldwide, including New Zealand.[6] When passing AC, the maximum power of the Mennekes connector is 43 kW.[7] The IEC Type 1 connector (codified under SAE J) is the corresponding standard for single-phase AC charging in the United States, Canada, and South Korea.[8] J has a maximum output of 19.2 kW.[9]
In North America, the same Type 2 physical connector is used for three-phase AC charging under the SAE J standard, which uses Local Interconnect Network (LIN) for control signaling based on IEC -1 Edition 3 Annex D.[10][11] J increases the maximum output to 166 kW using three-phase AC.[9]
The same physical connector is also used in China under the Guobiao standard GB/T .2- for AC-charging, with gender differences for the vehicle and electric vehicle supply equipment. GB/T -2 specifies cables with Type 2-style male connectors on both ends, and a female inlet on vehicles[12]—the opposite gender to the rest of the world, and with different control signaling.
The Combined Charging System Combo 2 "fast charging" connector uses the signaling and protective earth pins of the Type 2 connector and adds two direct current (DC) pins for rapid charging, with DC power supplied at rates up to approximately 350 kW.[8]
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As specified by IEC , cars are fitted with a standardized male vehicle inlet, whilst charging stations are fitted with a female socket outlet, either directly on the outside of the charging station, or via a flexible cable with permanently attached connector on the end. When the charging station is equipped with a permanently fixed cable, the connector end of the cable can be attached directly into the vehicle inlet, similar to using a petrol pump and when no fixed cable is available, a separate male-to-female cable is used to connect the vehicle, either using the charging station, or from a traditional IEC -2 industrial connector.
The Type 2 connector system was originally proposed by Mennekes in leading to the colloquial name of Mennekes. The system was later tested and standardized by the German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA) as VDE-AR-E -2-2, and subsequently recommended by the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) in . As of , Type 2 is intended to replace the previous vehicle connectors used for AC charging within the European electric vehicle network, displacing both Type 1 (SAE J) and Type 3 (EV Plug Alliance Types 3A and 3C; colloquially, Scame) connectors. For DC charging, the Combo 2 socket (Type 2 supplemented with 2 DC pins) shall become standard in cars, replacing Type 4 CHAdeMO. The transition period is scheduled to last until .[14][needs update]
The IEC Type 2 connector is used in a slightly modified form for all European Tesla Model S and Model X vehicles, and the European Tesla Supercharger network.[15] As of Tesla is the only automaker which offers charging with alternating current and direct current based on the IEC -2 specification. For charging with direct current the specification IEC -3 Combined Charging System (CCS) is favored in Europe.[16]
The connectors contain seven contact places: two small and five larger. The top row consists of two small contacts for signaling, the middle row contains three pins, the center pin is used for Earthing, while the outer two pins used for the power supply, optionally in conjunction with the two pins on the bottom row which are also for power supply. Three pins are always used for the same purposes:
The allocation of the four normal power supply pins vary depending on the mode of operation. They are allocated as:
Female connector, middle and bottom row (power pin) allocations[citation needed] Mode Maximum (A1) (C1) (E1) Volts Amps (B2) (D2) Single-phase AC 500V AC 1×80A Neutral (N) Earth (PE) AC (L1) N/C N/C Three-phase AC 3×63A Neutral (N) Earth (PE) AC (L1) AC (L3) AC (L2) Combined single-phase AC and low-current DC 500V AC/DC 1×80A (AC) &Some vehicle inlets may contain the extra connections to allow the CCS DC-only charger (high-current DC) to be inserted.[18]
Communication takes place over the CP/PP signaling pins between the charger, cable, and vehicle to ensure that the highest common denominator of voltage and current is selected.
The signaling protocol is identical to that of Type 1 connectors as described in the SAE J standard.
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