Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS): A Comprehensive Guide

07 Jul.,2025

 

Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS): A Comprehensive Guide

Feature Direct TPMS Indirect TPMS Accuracy High Moderate Cost Higher Lower Maintenance Battery replacement required Recalibration required Technology Pressure sensors ABS-based

TPMS Warning Lights and Indicators

Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) communicate with drivers through various warning lights and indicators on the vehicle’s dashboard. Understanding these warnings is essential to maintaining safe driving conditions and avoiding potential tyre-related issues. Below are the most common TPMS warnings you may encounter.

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1. Low Tyre Pressure Warning

The Low Tyre Pressure Warning is the most common TPMS alert. It activates when the air pressure in one or more tyres drops below the recommended level, typically by 25% or more. This warning light usually appears as an icon resembling a flat tyre with an exclamation mark or the letters “TPMS.”

When this light comes on, it’s important to check your tyre pressure as soon as possible and inflate the tyres to the manufacturer’s recommended pressure levels. Driving on underinflated tyres can lead to poor handling, decreased fuel efficiency, and a higher risk of a tyre blowout.

2. Tyre Pressure Loss Warning

The Tyre Pressure Loss Warning is triggered when there is a rapid or significant loss of air pressure in one or more tyres. This could indicate a puncture or a slow leak. The warning light may flash or stay solid, depending on your vehicle’s system, alerting you to the immediate need for inspection and repair.

If you see this warning, pull over safely and inspect your tyres for any visible damage. If the tyre appears severely deflated, it’s best to use a spare tyre or contact roadside assistance rather than risk driving further.

3. TPMS System Malfunction Warning

The TPMS System Malfunction Warning indicates that there is an issue with the TPMS itself rather than the tyre pressure. This warning light often appears as the TPMS icon with the letters “TPMS” or “SERVICE TPMS” displayed. This alert can occur due to several reasons:

  • A faulty sensor
  • Dead sensor batteries
  • Communication issues between the sensors and the control unit
  • A system error

If the TPMS malfunction warning comes on, it’s a sign that the system may not be able to properly monitor your tyre pressure. In this case, it’s essential to have the system inspected and repaired by a qualified mechanic to ensure it functions correctly.

By paying attention to these TPMS warning lights and indicators, you can maintain safe driving conditions, improve your vehicle’s performance, and avoid costly tyre repairs or replacements.

TPMS Maintenance and Care

To keep your Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) in optimal condition, regular maintenance is key. A well-functioning TPMS ensures that you’re driving on properly inflated tyres, which enhances safety, fuel efficiency, and the overall performance of your vehicle. Below are detailed practices for maintaining your TPMS to ensure it continues to serve you reliably.

Checking Tyre Pressure Regularly

Even though your TPMS alerts you when tyre pressure drops below a safe threshold, relying solely on the system isn’t enough. It’s essential to manually check your tyre pressure regularly, as TPMS systems typically only warn you after pressure falls significantly (about 25% below the recommended level). By this point, your tyres may already be underinflated, which can affect handling and fuel efficiency.

Manual tyre checks with a tyre pressure gauge allow you to monitor PSI levels more precisely and catch issues early. Here’s how you can do it effectively:

  • Use a Quality Tyre Pressure Gauge: Purchase a reliable, easy-to-read gauge. Many gas stations offer public gauges, but a personal one provides more consistency.
  • Check tyres Monthly: Make it a habit to check the air pressure of all four tyres (including the spare) at least once a month. Frequent checks are especially important during extreme weather, as cold temperatures can cause pressure drops.
  • Follow the Manufacturer’s PSI Guidelines: Your vehicle’s recommended tyre pressure can usually be found in the owner’s manual or on a label inside the driver’s side door. Keep your tyres inflated to these specifications, ensuring both safety and fuel economy.

Neglecting regular tyre pressure checks can lead to decreased fuel efficiency, uneven tyre wear, and an increased likelihood of tyre failure. This simple preventive measure will help your TPMS work more effectively in alerting you to genuine issues.

Replacing TPMS Sensors

The sensors that make up your TPMS are sophisticated devices that communicate with your vehicle’s system to monitor tyre pressure in real-time. However, TPMS sensors, particularly in Direct TPMS systems, are powered by small internal batteries with a finite lifespan, typically ranging from 5 to 10 years. Once the sensor battery dies, the TPMS will no longer transmit tyre pressure data, and the TPMS System Malfunction Warning will illuminate your dashboard.

Here’s what you need to know about replacing TPMS sensors:

  • Signs a Sensor Needs Replacement: If you see a malfunction warning, or if the TPMS light stays on even after you inflate your tyres to the correct pressure, it may be time to replace the sensors. In some cases, failure to receive alerts when tyre pressure is low is a clear sign of a sensor issue.
  • Sensor Compatibility: When replacing sensors, it’s important to choose ones that are compatible with your vehicle’s system. Universal or aftermarket TPMS sensors are available, but it’s always a good idea to consult a professional to ensure compatibility and proper installation.
  • When to Replace: Typically, sensors are replaced as part of a tyre service (like a tire rotation or replacement), but you can also have them replaced independently if the batteries are dead. Keep in mind that in some cases, the TPMS sensor’s lifespan will depend on driving habits and environmental factors.

If you neglect to replace failing sensors, your TPMS system won’t function properly, leaving you vulnerable to tyre issues that could go unnoticed.

Addressing TPMS System Issues

While TPMS is designed to be low-maintenance, problems can still arise. From sensor failures to communication errors, a malfunctioning TPMS can render the system unreliable, which increases the risk of underinflated or overinflated tyres going unnoticed.

Here’s how to address common TPMS issues:

  • Sensor Failure: This is the most common issue and often results from dead batteries. If the TPMS warning light doesn’t turn off after inflating your tyres, it’s likely a sensor failure. Have a mechanic check the sensor’s condition and replace it if necessary.
  • Communication Problems: Sometimes, there can be issues with the communication between the sensors and the vehicle’s control unit, especially if you recently had your tyres rotated or replaced. A mechanic can reset or recalibrate the system, restoring proper communication.
  • Software Errors: In rare cases, TPMS errors might be caused by issues with the vehicle’s onboard computer. A system reset or software update might be required to get things working correctly again.
  • Post-Tire Service Recalibration: After tyre replacements or rotations, some TPMS systems need to be recalibrated. This process is typically outlined in your vehicle’s manual, but you may need to take your car to a service centre to have the system reset.

Ignoring TPMS system issues can lead to inaccurate tyre pressure readings, which compromises your safety on the road. It’s always best to consult a certified mechanic if your TPMS malfunctions or if you suspect a problem.

Additional Tips for TPMS Maintenance:

  • Regular Tire Rotation and Balancing: Ensure your tires wear evenly by rotating them regularly, which can also extend the life of your TPMS sensors.
  • Seasonal Tyre Pressure Adjustments: Remember that tyre pressure fluctuates with temperature changes. During colder months, it’s common for the TPMS light to come on due to pressure drops, so check and adjust your tyre pressure more frequently.
  • TPMS Battery Life Monitoring: Although you can’t easily check TPMS battery life without professional tools, paying attention to how long the sensors have been in use will give you a sense of when replacements are likely needed.

By following these maintenance tips, you can extend the life of your TPMS and ensure that it continues to provide critical safety information about your tyres.

Common TPMS Questions and Answers

1. Can I drive with the TPMS warning light on?
While you can drive with the TPMS light on for a short distance, it’s important to check your tyre pressure and inflate your tyres as soon as possible. Driving with low tyre pressure increases the risk of a blowout and reduces fuel efficiency.

2. How often should I check my tyre pressure?
Even if your TPMS is working properly, you should manually check your tyre pressure once a month or before long trips. Temperature changes can affect tyre pressure, so be extra vigilant in extreme weather conditions.

3. What happens if a TPMS sensor battery dies?
If a sensor’s battery dies, the TPMS system will stop functioning for that particular tire, and you may see a system malfunction warning. In this case, the sensor will need to be replaced to restore the system’s functionality.

4. Is it necessary to recalibrate TPMS after changing tyres?
Yes, especially for Indirect TPMS systems. After replacing or rotating tyres, recalibration ensures the system reads the tyre pressure accurately. Some vehicles allow you to do this manually, while others may require a visit to a mechanic.

5. Can I install TPMS in a car that doesn’t have it?
Yes, aftermarket TPMS kits are available for vehicles that don’t come equipped with a factory-installed system. These kits can be installed by a professional to give you the same benefits of real-time tyre pressure monitoring.

6. How does temperature affect tyre pressure?
Tire pressure decreases in colder temperatures and increases in warmer conditions. For every 10°F drop in temperature, your tyre pressure can decrease by about 1 PSI. TPMS may alert you of low pressure more often during colder months, so it’s essential to check and adjust tyre pressure frequently during extreme weather changes.

7. What should I do if my TPMS light turns on but my tyres appear fine?
If your TPMS warning light turns on but your tyres seem properly inflated, it could be due to a temporary drop in temperature or a small pressure difference. Use a tyre gauge to manually check the tyre pressure, and if everything looks normal, you can reset the TPMS system. If the light stays on, there might be a malfunction, and it’s best to have it inspected.

8. How can I tell if my TPMS sensor needs to be replaced?
Signs that a TPMS sensor may need replacing include a constant TPMS System Malfunction Warning, failure to get a low-pressure alert when your tyres are underinflated, or the warning light staying on even after adjusting the tyre pressure. In most cases, the sensor battery may have died, and you’ll need to replace the sensor.

9. Can TPMS be disabled?
Disabling TPMS is generally not recommended as it’s a vital safety feature. However, in some vehicles, you can disable it temporarily (usually through the vehicle’s computer system) if the warning light malfunctions or if you’re driving with temporary tyres. It’s best to consult your vehicle’s manual or a mechanic before attempting to disable TPMS.

10. Does TPMS monitor spare tyres?
In most cases, TPMS systems do not monitor spare tyres, especially if they are compact or temporary spares. Always check the pressure of your spare tyre manually before installing it to ensure it’s properly inflated and safe to use.

By understanding these common questions, you can ensure your TPMS functions properly, providing an additional layer of safety for your driving experience.

Conclusion

Maintaining your Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) is crucial for ensuring the safety, performance, and longevity of your vehicle’s tires. Regularly checking tyre pressure, replacing sensors when needed, and addressing any system issues promptly will help keep your TPMS functioning properly. By doing so, you’ll drive more confidently, knowing that your tyres are in optimal condition and you’re avoiding unnecessary risks on the road.

For your next journey, whether it’s a short trip or a long adventure, you need a reliable vehicle to get you there safely. Alpha Car Hire offers a wide range of well-maintained vehicles, ensuring your comfort and safety no matter where the road takes you. With a commitment to quality service and competitive rates, Alpha Car Hire is your trusted partner for all your transportation needs.

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Understanding TPMS A Necessary ASE Test Skill

In the ASE G1 task list under tires, it has a short item about the tire pressure monitoring system:

• Identify and test tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS) (indirect and direct) for operation. Verify instrument panel lamps operation; conduct relearn procedure. 

TPMS Lights

The one thing all TPMS-equipped vehicles share is the TPMS malfunction indicator light. No matter the system, remember that a blinking light for 60-90 seconds indicates something is wrong with the system or sensor, and a solid light indicates that one or more tires is 25 percent above or below the recommended inflation pressure.

Direct Or Indirect

You would think you could simply classify TPMS into two distinct categories: direct and indirect vehicles. Direct TPMS directly measures tire pressure and temperature with a sensor. Indirect systems use wheel speed sensors to measure the pressure indirectly.

But, there is a third type of system that uses both direct sensors in the tires and also looks at wheel speed sensor data as part of a sudden flat tire detection system. The combined system can detect a blowout faster.

Antennas

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On most vehicles, there is a single antenna for the four sensors. The antenna may only be used for the sensors, or it could also be used for the keyless entry system. Why? The keyless entry system and TPMS sensors transmit in the same radio frequency range of 315- 430Hz. 

Some vehicles have a dedicated module and antenna(s). Some vehicles have four antennas on the vehicle in the wheel wells. Some Chrysler systems have three dedicated antennas, with the ignition switch module antenna as the fourth antenna. You probably won’t know until you pull up the wiring diagram.

Inflation Pressures

How do you set the correct tire pressure for a TPMS system? It starts at the tire placard on the driver’s side door jam. All vehicles use the same sticker layout that lists the tire pressure for the front and rear. This sticker is on every and newer vehicle sold in the United States. 

These stickers usually call it cold tire inflation, where the pressures are set before the tire is warmed by the tire flexing and the brakes. Air expands as it warms up, so a tire’s air pressure will naturally increase as the tires spin and heat up. It is very common for a vehicle to show a solid TPMS light in the morning after cooling all night and then for it to shut off as the vehicle is driven. Even if the pressure is reading correctly while the tire is warm, keep in mind that the tire pressure can decrease 1-3% once the tire cools; this might be just enough to kick that TPMS light back on.

However, for most passenger vehicle tires a good estimate is that for every 10°F fluctuation in ambient temperature, vehicle tire pressure will change by about one psi. A seasonal change from summer to winter could, therefore, easily cause a pressure drop in excess of 4 psi.

Check the Spare

Ten years ago, many people predicted that spare tires would go the way of tail fins and pop-up headlights. But run-flat tires and cell phones have not replaced spares. In fact, many vehicles with all-wheel-drive are including full-sized spares.

Rookie techs often forget the TPMS sensor in the spare tire because it may be under the vehicle or in the trunk. If the spare tire sensor is not relearned or serviced, it typically results in a comeback. The ASE G1 might try to trip you up with a question that might state the TPMS light is on, but all four corners are transmitting and at the correct inflation pressure.

Service Kits

Any time a tire is removed from the wheel, it can cause damage to the sealing components of the sensor. In addition, constant exposure to atmospheric elements, such as salt and road grime, can cause galvanic corrosion around the stem. These symptoms can cause small air leaks. By replacing the mechanical parts of the stem at a very low cost to the customer, you are ensuring that the tire is going to hold air when it leaves your facility. Also, keep in mind that some OE and aftermarket sensors have the valve stem permanently attached to the sensor body and cannot be replaced. By ensuring your customers have a fresh service kit, the stem is kept in good condition so they won’t need to replace a sensor down the road due to a broken, corroded stem.

For the G1, remember that a service kit renewal is a best practice that should be performed on every vehicle to prevent slow leaks.

If you don’t see signs of damage, and if you have the tool functionality, test the sensor battery. TPMS sensor batteries cannot be replaced, so if the sensor battery is dead, the vehicle will need a new sensor. Knowing if it is a battery issue allows you to recommend the other three (or four) sensors should also get replaced at the same time. 

If you don’t find any malfunctioning sensors, then the issue likely lies with the sensors not being properly programmed or that a relearn is needed on the vehicle. A sensor could be completely functional but perhaps was programmed incorrectly, so the vehicle’s ECU can’t find it, causing the TPMS light to illuminate. Or, the sensors may have been programmed correctly but were never relearned to the vehicle, so the ECU might not be reading the sensor. This creates an unreadable tire pressure and illuminates the TPMS light. A simple relearn procedure should solve this issue.

Questions

1. According to the DOT, if a tire has been deflated or overinflated by ___ percent the system must alert the driver.

a. 15 percent

b. 35 percent 

c. 25 percent

d. 10 percent

2. An indirect TPMS system uses which sensors to measure tire pressure?:

a. TPMS Sensor mounted to the wheel.

b. Wheel speed sensors

c. Transmission mounted speed sensor

d. ADAS camera

3. How much will a temperature change of 75º F to 45º F cause the tire’s inflation pressure to change: 

a. -3 psi

b. -10 psi

c. +15 psi

d. +1 psi 

4. A wheel has a slow leak after the tire was replaced. The TPMS light stays solid after three days of driving. What is the most likely cause? 

a. The tire is defective. 

b. The TPMS Service kit was not replaced.

c. The sensor positions were not relearned.

d. The rim is leaking.

5. Technician A says all light vehicles (under 8,000 lbs GVW) will have a TPMS system. Technician B says all light vehicle have a TPMS system. Who is correct? 

a. Technician A

b. Technician B

c. Both A and B

d. Neither A or B

Answer Key

1. c, 2. b, 3. a, 4. b, 5. c

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