Type lithium battery is a lithium battery commonly used in electronic products. It is also one of the most important battery types in the current charging battery. Generally, it is cylindrical, with a diameter of 18 mm and a height of 65.0 mm. So what are the pros and cons of the cell? Advantages: 1. Wide application: the battery charger, laptop, intercom, portable DVD, instruments, audio equipment, model aircraft, toys, cameras, digital cameras, and other electronic equipment are used. 2. Flexible combination: in parallel and in series, cells with different Numbers can easily make a variety of battery packs through the conventional combination to meet different needs. 3, small internal resistance, batteries internal resistance under 35 m Ω commonly, greatly reduced since the power consumption of the battery, prolong the duration of the battery. 4. No memory effect: the battery is a lithium-ion battery with no memory effect. 5. High voltage: the voltage of lithium battery is generally 3.6v, 3.8v and 4.2v, which is much higher than the 1.2v voltage of NiCd and NiMH batteries. 6, high safety: batteries will be a qualified safety inspection by the following: (1) short circuit: no fire, no explosion (2) charge: no fire, no explosion (3) the hot box test: no fire, no explosion (150 ℃ temperature 10 min) (4) needle thorn: not the explosion (with 3 mm Ф penetrate cells) (5) tablet: no fire, no explosion (10 kg weight from 1 m high hit to battery) (6) burning: no explosion (gas flame barbecue battery) 7, long service life: charge-discharge cycles is more than 500 times. 8. High capacity: the capacity is usually mah-mah, and the common capacity is mah-mah. 9. Low price: for polymer cells, the price of cells is much lower. Cons - 1, aging: all lithium-ion batteries slowly lose capacity, depending on the number of USES and temperature. 2. Difficult to recycle: almost none are recycled. 3. Intolerance of overcharge and over discharge: when overcharge occurs, excessive embedded lithium ions will be permanently fixed in the lattice and cannot be released again, resulting in relatively short battery life. When too much lithium ions are released from the electrode during over discharge, lattice collapse can be caused, thus shortening the lifetime. 4, not flexible: due to the basic shape and size has been fixed, so it is difficult to have polymer cell as flexible, of course, this is also an advantage, specification is fixed means replaceable. In general, the cell has enough advantages that it won't be phased out until new battery technologies are developed.
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is the ancestor of lithium-ion battery -- a standard lithium-ion battery model set by SONY of Japan in order to save costs. Among them, 18 indicates the diameter of 18mm, 65 indicates the length of 65mm, and 0 indicates the cylindrical battery.
The common battery is divided into lithium ion battery and lithium iron phosphate battery. The nominal voltage of the lithium-ion battery is 3.7v, the cut-off voltage of charge is 4.2v, the nominal voltage of lithium iron phosphate battery is 3.2v, the cut-off voltage of charge is 3.6v, the capacity is usually mah-mah, the common capacity is mah-mah.
Lithium battery (Li-ion, LithiumIonBattery) : lithium ion battery has a lightweight, large capacity, no memory effect, etc, thus obtained
lithium batteries
lithium batteries
Widespread - many digital devices use lithium-ion batteries for power, although they are relatively expensive. The energy density of the lithium-ion battery is very high, its capacity is 1.5~2 times of the weight of nickel metal hydride battery, and has a very low self-discharge rate. In addition, lithium-ion battery almost no "memory effect" and does not contain toxic substances and other advantages is also an important reason for its wide application. Also please note that the lithium battery external generally marked with English 4.2 V lithium-ion battery V lithium secondary battery (lithium battery) or 4.2 (lithium secondary battery), 4.2 V lithium ion rechargeable battery (rechargeable lithium battery), so the user must see when buying batteries battery block appearance, prevent because they didn't see the battery type and cadmium-nickel, nickel-metal hydride batteries will be mistaken for lithium batteries.
Lithium battery standard 3.7v or 4.2v is the same. Just what manufacturer label is different and oneself. 3.7v refers to the platform voltage (i.e., the typical voltage) that the battery discharges during use, while 4.2v refers to the voltage at which the battery is fully charged. Common rechargeable lithium battery, the voltage is 3.6 or 3.7 v, the charge is 4.2 v, this has very little to do with power (capacity), battery capacity of mainstream mah from to mah, (more than power battery capacity in ~ mah), the capacity of the mainstream and even more than the or mah has (remind everybody, above the nominal mah on the market of domestic batteries are likely to false, the current domestic production of the maximum capacity is mah.).
Generally, the no-load voltage of lithium battery is considered to be used up when it is below 3.0v (the specific value depends on the threshold value of the battery protection board, such as low as 2.8v or 3.2v). Most lithium batteries cannot discharge the no-load voltage below 3.2v, or excessive discharge will damage the battery (generally, lithium batteries in the market are basically used with a protective plate, so excessive discharge will lead to the protection plate cannot detect the battery, thus unable to charge the battery). 4.2v is the maximum limiting voltage for battery charging, and it is generally believed that charging the no-load voltage of lithium battery to 4.2v means that the battery is fully charged. In the process of battery charging, the battery voltage gradually rises from 3.7v to 4.2v. Lithium battery charging cannot charge the no-load voltage to more than 4.2v, or it will damage the battery.
The battery life theory gives 1,000 cycles of charge. Due to the unit density of the capacity is very large, so most of the notebook computer batteries, except
lithium batteries
lithium batteries
In addition, because has very good stability in work, it is widely used in various major electronic fields: it is often used in high-grade strong light flashlight, portable power supply, wireless data transmission device, electric heating clothes, shoes, portable instruments and meters, portable lighting equipment, portable printers, industrial instruments, medical instruments and so on.
means 18mm in diameter and 65mm in length. Model number 5 is , with a diameter of 14mm and a length of 50mm. Generally batteries in the industrial use more, less civil, common also in the notebook battery and high-end flashlight use more.
The is only the size and model of the battery. According to the battery type, it can be divided into for lithium ion, for lithium iron phosphate, for nickel hydrogen (very rare), and the common for a lithium ion.
Charging and discharging principle
The working principle of the lithium-ion battery is its charge and discharge principle. When you charge the battery, you have lithium ions forming on the positive side of the battery, lithium forming
lithium batteries
lithium batteries
Ions travel through the electrolyte to the negative electrode. As the carbon of the negative electrode is layered, it has many micropores. The lithium ions that reach the negative electrode are embedded into the micropores of the carbon layer. The more lithium ions embedded, the higher the charging capacity.
Similarly, when a battery is discharged (the process by which we use the battery), lithium ions embedded in the negative carbon layer escape and move back to the positive electrode. The more lithium ions that return to the positive electrode, the higher the discharge capacity. We usually say the battery capacity refers to the discharge capacity.
It is not difficult to see that during the charging and discharging process of the lithium-ion battery, lithium ion is in the motion state from the positive pole to the negative pole to positive pole. If we think of the lithium-ion battery as a rocking chair, the two ends of the rocking chair are the two poles of the battery, and the lithium ion is like a good athlete, running back and forth between the two ends of the rocking chair. So, the experts gave the lithium-ion battery a cute name: the rocking chair battery.
Charging and discharging process
The lithium battery charging control is divided into two stages. The first stage is a constant current charging. When the battery voltage is lower than 4.2v, the charger will charge at a constant current. The second stage is the constant voltage charging stage, when the battery voltage is 4.2 V, due to the lithium battery characteristics, if the voltage is high, will damage, the charger voltage will be fixed in 4.2 V, the charging current will be reduced gradually, when the current decreases to a certain value (usually 1/10 set current), to cut off the charging circuit, a complete charging indicator, charging is complete.
Excessive charge and discharge of lithium-ion battery will cause permanent damage to the positive and negative electrodes. The excessive discharge will lead to the collapse of the structure of the negative carbon sheet, which will lead to the collapse
lithium battery charger
lithium battery charger
Lithium ions cannot be inserted during charging. Overcharging causes too many lithium ions to embed themselves in the negative carbon structure, so that some of them can no longer be released.
Some chargers use cheap solutions to achieve, in the control accuracy is not good enough, easy to cause abnormal battery charging, or even damage the battery. When choosing a charger, try to choose a big brand of lithium ion battery charger, the quality, and after-sales guarantee, to extend the service life of the battery. The lithium-ion battery charger guaranteed by the brand has four protection functions: short circuit protection, over current protection, over voltage protection and battery reverse connection protection. Overcharge protection: when the charger overcharges the lithium-ion battery, the charging state shall be terminated to prevent the rise of internal pressure caused by temperature rise. To this end, the protection device needs to monitor the battery voltage, and when it reaches the battery overcharge voltage, it will activate the overcharge protection function and stop charging. Over-discharge protection: in order to prevent the over-discharge state of lithium ion battery, when the voltage of lithium-ion battery is lower than the detection point of its over-discharge voltage, the over discharge protection will be activated and the discharge will be stopped, and the battery will be kept in the standby mode of low static current. Over current and short circuit protection: when the discharge current of lithium-ion battery is too large or short circuit occurs, the protective device will activate the overcurrent protection function.
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Lithium-ion is named for its active materials; the words are either written in full or shortened by their chemical symbols. A series of letters and numbers strung together can be hard to remember and even harder to pronounce, and battery chemistries are also identified in abbreviated letters.
For example, lithium cobalt oxide, one of the most common Li-ions, has the chemical symbols LiCoO2 and the abbreviation LCO. For reasons of simplicity, the short form Li-cobalt can also be used for this battery. Cobalt is the main active material that gives this battery character. Other Li-ion chemistries are given similar short-form names. This section lists six of the most common Li-ions. All readings are average estimates at time of writing.
Its high specific energy makes Li-cobalt the popular choice for mobile phones, laptops and digital cameras. The battery consists of a cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite carbon anode. The cathode has a layered structure and during discharge, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode. The flow reverses on charge. The drawback of Li-cobalt is a relatively short life span, low thermal stability and limited load capabilities (specific power). Figure 1 illustrates the structure.
The drawback of Li-cobalt is a relatively short life span, low thermal stability and limited load capabilities (specific power). Like other cobalt-blended Li-ion, Li-cobalt has a graphite anode that limits the cycle life by a changing solid electrolyte interface (SEI), thickening on the anode and lithium plating while fast charging and charging at low temperature. Newer systems include nickel, manganese and/or aluminum to improve longevity, loading capabilities and cost.
Li-cobalt should not be charged and discharged at a current higher than its C-rating. This means that an cell with 2,400mAh can only be charged and discharged at 2,400mA. Forcing a fast charge or applying a load higher than 2,400mA causes overheating and undue stress. For optimal fast charge, the manufacturer recommends a C-rate of 0.8C or about 2,000mA. (See BU-402: What is C-rate). The mandatory battery protection circuit limits the charge and discharge rate to a safe level of about 1C for the Energy Cell.
The hexagonal spider graphic (Figure 2) summarizes the performance of Li-cobalt in terms of specific energy or capacity that relates to runtime; specific power or the ability to deliver high current; safety; performance at hot and cold temperatures; life span reflecting cycle life and longevity; and cost. Other characteristics of interest not shown in the spider webs are toxicity, fast-charge capabilities, self-discharge and shelf life. (See BU-104c: The Octagon Battery – What makes a Battery a Battery).
The Li-cobalt is losing favor to Li-manganese, but especially NMC and NCA because of the high cost of cobalt and improved performance by blending with other active cathode materials. (See description of the NMC and NCA below.)
Li-ion with manganese spinel was first published in the Materials Research Bulletin in . In , Moli Energy commercialized a Li-ion cell with lithium manganese oxide as cathode material. The architecture forms a three-dimensional spinel structure that improves ion flow on the electrode, which results in lower internal resistance and improved current handling. A further advantage of spinel is high thermal stability and enhanced safety, but the cycle and calendar life are limited.
Low internal cell resistance enables fast charging and high-current discharging. In an package, Li-manganese can be discharged at currents of 20–30A with moderate heat buildup. It is also possible to apply one-second load pulses of up to 50A. A continuous high load at this current would cause heat buildup and the cell temperature cannot exceed 80°C (176°F). Li-manganese is used for power tools, medical instruments, as well as hybrid and electric vehicles.
Figure 4 illustrates the formation of a three-dimensional crystalline framework on the cathode of a Li-manganese battery. This spinel structure, which is usually composed of diamond shapes connected into a lattice, appears after initial formation.
Li-manganese has a capacity that is roughly one-third lower than Li-cobalt. Design flexibility allows engineers to maximize the battery for either optimal longevity (life span), maximum load current (specific power) or high capacity (specific energy). For example, the long-life version in the cell has a moderate capacity of only 1,100mAh; the high-capacity version is 1,500mAh.
Figure 5 shows the spider web of a typical Li-manganese battery. The characteristics appear marginal but newer designs have improved in terms of specific power, safety and life span. Pure Li-manganese batteries are no longer common today; they may only be used for special applications.
Most Li-manganese batteries blend with lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) to improve the specific energy and prolong the life span. This combination brings out the best in each system, and the LMO (NMC) is chosen for most electric vehicles, such as the Nissan Leaf, Chevy Volt and BMW i3. The LMO part of the battery, which can be about 30 percent, provides high current boost on acceleration; the NMC part gives the long driving range.
Li-ion research gravitates heavily towards combining Li-manganese with cobalt, nickel, manganese and/or aluminum as active cathode material. In some architecture, a small amount of silicon is added to the anode. This provides a 25 percent capacity boost; however, the gain is commonly connected with a shorter cycle life as silicon grows and shrinks with charge and discharge, causing mechanical stress.
These three active metals, as well as the silicon enhancement can conveniently be chosen to enhance the specific energy (capacity), specific power (load capability) or longevity. While consumer batteries go for high capacity, industrial applications require battery systems that have good loading capabilities, deliver a long life and provide safe and dependable service.
One of the most successful Li-ion systems is a cathode combination of nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC). Similar to Li-manganese, these systems can be tailored to serve as Energy Cells or Power Cells. For example, NMC in an cell for moderate load condition has a capacity of about 2,800mAh and can deliver 4A to 5A; NMC in the same cell optimized for specific power has a capacity of only about 2,000mAh but delivers a continuous discharge current of 20A. A silicon-based anode will go to 4,000mAh and higher but at reduced loading capability and shorter cycle life. Silicon added to graphite has the drawback that the anode grows and shrinks with charge and discharge, making the cell mechanically unstable.
The secret of NMC lies in combining nickel and manganese. An analogy of this is table salt in which the main ingredients, sodium and chloride, are toxic on their own but mixing them serves as seasoning salt and food preserver. Nickel is known for its high specific energy but poor stability; manganese has the benefit of forming a spinel structure to achieve low internal resistance but offers a low specific energy. Combining the metals enhances each other strengths.
NMC is the battery of choice for power tools, e-bikes and other electric powertrains. The cathode combination is typically one-third nickel, one-third manganese and one-third cobalt, also known as 1-1-1. Cobalt is expensive and in limited supply. Battery manufacturers are reducing the cobalt content with some compromise in performance. A successful combination is NCM532 with 5 parts nickel, 3 parts cobalt and 2 parts manganese. Other combinations are NMC622 and NMC811. Cobalt stabilizes nickel, a high energy active material.
New electrolytes and additives enable charging to 4.4V/cell and higher to boost capacity. Figure 7 demonstrates the characteristics of the NMC.
There is a move towards NMC-blended Li-ion as the system can be built economically and it achieves a good performance. The three active materials of nickel, manganese and cobalt can easily be blended to suit a wide range of applications for automotive and energy storage systems (EES) that need frequent cycling. The NMC family is growing in its diversity.
In , the University of Texas (and other contributors) discovered phosphate as cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. Li-phosphate offers good electrochemical performance with low resistance. This is made possible with nano-scale phosphate cathode material. The key benefits are high current rating and long cycle life, besides good thermal stability, enhanced safety and tolerance if abused.
Li-phosphate is more tolerant to full charge conditions and is less stressed than other lithium-ion systems if kept at high voltage for a prolonged time. (See BU-808: How to Prolong Lithium-based Batteries). As a trade-off, its lower nominal voltage of 3.2V/cell reduces the specific energy below that of cobalt-blended lithium-ion. With most batteries, cold temperature reduces performance and elevated storage temperature shortens the service life, and Li-phosphate is no exception. Li-phosphate has a higher self-discharge than other Li-ion batteries, which can cause balancing issues with aging. This can be mitigated by buying high quality cells and/or using sophisticated control electronics, both of which increase the cost of the pack. Cleanliness in manufacturing is of importance for longevity. There is no tolerance for moisture, lest the battery will only deliver 50 cycles. Figure 9 summarizes the attributes of Li-phosphate.
Li-phosphate is often used to replace the lead acid starter battery. Four cells in series produce 12.80V, a similar voltage to six 2V lead acid cells in series. Vehicles charge lead acid to 14.40V (2.40V/cell) and maintain a topping charge. Topping charge is applied to maintain full charge level and prevent sulfation on lead acid batteries.
With four Li-phosphate cells in series, each cell tops at 3.60V, which is the correct full-charge voltage. At this point, the charge should be disconnected but the topping charge continues while driving. Li-phosphate is tolerant to some overcharge; however, keeping the voltage at 14.40V for a prolonged time, as most vehicles do on a long road trip, could stress Li-phosphate. Time will tell how durable Li-Phosphate will be as a lead acid replacement with a regular vehicle charging system. Cold temperature also reduces performance of Li-ion and this could affect the cranking ability in extreme cases.
See Lithium Manganese Iron Phosphate (LMFP) for manganese enhanced L-phosphate.
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide battery, or NCA, has been around since for special applications. It shares similarities with NMC by offering high specific energy, reasonably good specific power and a long life span. Less flattering are safety and cost. Figure 11 summarizes the six key characteristics. NCA is a further development of lithium nickel oxide; adding aluminum gives the chemistry greater stability.
Batteries with lithium titanate anodes have been known since the s. Li-titanate replaces the graphite in the anode of a typical lithium-ion battery and the material forms into a spinel structure. The cathode can be lithium manganese oxide or NMC. Li-titanate has a nominal cell voltage of 2.40V, can be fast charged and delivers a high discharge current of 10C, or 10 times the rated capacity. The cycle count is said to be higher than that of a regular Li-ion. Li-titanate is safe, has excellent low-temperature discharge characteristics and obtains a capacity of 80 percent at –30°C (–22°F).
LTO (commonly Li4Ti5O12) has advantages over the conventional cobalt-blended Li-ion with graphite anode by attaining zero-strain property, no SEI film formation and no lithium plating when fast charging and charging at low temperature. Thermal stability under high temperature is also better than other Li-ion systems; however, the battery is expensive. At only 65Wh/kg, the specific energy is low, rivalling that of NiCd. Li-titanate charges to 2.80V/cell, and the end of discharge is 1.80V/cell. Figure 13 illustrates the characteristics of the Li-titanate battery. Typical uses are electric powertrains, UPS and solar-powered street lighting.
Figure 15 compares the specific energy of lead-, nickel- and lithium-based systems. While Li-aluminum (NCA) is the clear winner by storing more capacity than other systems, this only applies to specific energy. In terms of specific power and thermal stability, Li-manganese (LMO) and Li-phosphate (LFP) are superior. Li-titanate (LTO) may have low capacity but this chemistry outlives most other batteries in terms of life span and also has the best cold temperature performance. Moving towards the electric powertrain, safety and cycle life will gain dominance over capacity. (LCO stands for Li-cobalt, the original Li-ion.)
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